Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 8e

Front matter
- Quick Reference Material
- Preface to the 8^th edition
- Preface to the 1^st edition
- Conflicts of interest: none declared
- Acknowledgements
- Understanding our patients
- Dedication
- Symbols and abbreviations

1 Obstetrics
- 1 Obstetrics
- Obstetrics: Overview
- † Pre-pregnancy counselling
- Booking criteria and home delivery
- Physiological changes in pregnancy
- Antenatal care
- ††† Prenatal diagnosis
- †† Tests to detect Down’s syndrome
- †† The placenta
- Plasma chemistry in pregnancy 10
- † Thromboprophylaxis
- Minor symptoms of pregnancy
- † Hyperemesis gravidarum
- Cardiac disease in pregnancy
- Psychopharmacology in pregnancy
- † Anaemia in pregnancy
- †† HIV in pregnancy and labour
- † Diabetes mellitus (DM) in pregnancy
- Thyroid disease in pregnancy
- † Jaundice in pregnancy
- † Malaria in pregnancy
- Renal disease in pregnancy
- Epilepsy in pregnancy
- Connective tissue diseases in pregnancy
- ††▸Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy
- Thrombophilia in pregnancy 46
  47
- Antenatal infection
- Perinatal infection
- † Abdominal pain in pregnancy
- ††† Abdominal palpation
- Pelvis and head
- † Fetal monitoring
- †† Ultrasound
- Hypertension in pregnancy
- ††▸Prematurity
- ††▸Small for gestational age (SGA)
- Postmaturity (prolonged pregnancy)
- ††† Fetal distress
- Obstetric shock
- ††† Antepartum haemorrhage (APH)
- ††† Normal labour
- † Prelabour rupture of membranes at term
- † Induction of labour
- † The active management of labour
- ††† Pain relief in labour
- Multiple pregnancy
- Breech (ie buttock) presentations
- Other malpresentations
- †† Prolapsed cord
- Impacted shoulders (shoulder dystocia)^{2005 RCOG} 106
- †† Meconium-stained liquor
- †† Dystocia
- †† Instrumental delivery (forceps & ventouse)
- †† ▸Caesarean section
- †† Uterine rupture
- Mendelson’s syndrome
- † Stillbirth
- Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH)
- † Retained placenta (RP)
- † Uterine inversion
- DIC and coagulation defects
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- † ▸Birth injuries
- Episiotomy and tears
- † The puerperium
- Maternal mortality
- ††† Perinatal mortality

2 Paediatrics
- 2 Paediatrics
- Paediatrics: Overview
- ††† Eliciting the history
- ††† Physical examination: a method
- ††† Is this child seriously ill?^APLS
- Common symptoms in infancy
- The ill and feverish child
- ††† Neonatal life support (NLS) after delivery
- The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
- Ventilatory support for neonates
- The ill neonate
- ††† Examination of the neonate
- ††† Neonatal jaundice
- Rhesus haemolytic disease
- †† Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- Other neonatal problems
- Minor neonatal problems
- Enteral and parenteral nutrition
- †† Learning to breastfeed
- Breastfeeding and social/biological influences
- Bottle feeding
- †† Preterm and light-for-dates babies
- Some GI malformations
- Genitourinary diseases
- Ambiguous genitalia (intersexuality)
- Congenital heart disease
- ††† Murmurs and heart sounds in children
- † Orofacial clefts (cleft lip and palate)
- Other head & neck malformations
- Neural tube defects (NTDs)
- Measles^ND, rubella^ND, mumps^ND, and erythroviruses
- Varicella (herpes) zoster virus (VZV)
- † Vertical HIV infection
- ††† Non-accidental injury (NAI)
- †† Sudden unexplained infant death (SUID/SIDS)
- ††† Screening and child health promotion
- † Genetic disease and prevention
- Genetic counselling
- †† Preventing adult diseases—starting in childhood
- Upper respiratory infection
- ††† Lower respiratory infections
- †† Cystic fibrosis
- ††† Asthma in children >2yrs old
- Infective endocarditis (IE)
- Rheumatic fever
- ††† Diarrhoea
- ††† Malnutrition
- Abdominal pain
- Abdominal distension
- Coeliac disease: an example of malabsorption
- Some acute surgical problems
- Childhood urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Renal failure and some renal diseases
- Acute nephritis and nephrosis
- ††† Growth, failure to thrive, and short stature
- Ethnospecific growth charts539
- Breastfed babies need different charts
- †† Some endocrine and metabolic diseases
- Precocious puberty
- †† Diabetes mellitus (DM): patient-centred care in action
- †† Childhood diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- †† Poisoning: general points
- Salicylate poisoning
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning
- † Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
- Anaemia
- The primary antibody deficiencies
- Rising intracranial pressure^APLS
- Migraine (OHCM p 450)
- Encephalitis
- ††† Meningitis ^APLS
- †† Meningitis: the organisms
- Epilepsy and febrile convulsions
- Epilepsy: management
- †† Behavioural problems
- † Attention deficit disorder (ADD) & hyperactivity
- School refusal
- † Delay in walking
- Delay in talking
- Impairment, disability, and handicap
- Denver developmental screening test
- Paediatric reference intervals (LABS VARY; CONSULT YOUR OWN)
- Centile tables 764
- Dubowitz system for assessing gestational age
- Assessment of gestational age: Dubowitz system
- Reference intervals: nutrition for preterm babies
- ††† Fluid regimens to correct dehydration^APLS
- †† APLS procedures—intraosseus transfusion
- ††† Anaphylaxis (Adrenaline=epinephrine) 2008
- ††† European paediatric basic life-support
- Cardiac arrest: paediatric advanced life-support

3 Gynaecology
- 3 Gynaecology
- Gynaecology: Overview
- History and examination
- Sexual health
- †† Gynaecological anatomy
- Genital abnormalities
- Uterine retroversion
- Normal menstruation
- Abnormal menstruation
- †† Onset of menstruation: menarche & amenorrhoea
- † Polycystic ovarian syndrome (pcos)
- ††† Menorrhagia
- †† The premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
- †† The menopause and HRT
- †† Termination of pregnancy (TOP)
- †† Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion)
- ††† Ectopic pregnancy
- † Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)
- The vulva
- Vulval lumps and ulcers
- † The cervix
- ††† Cervical carcinoma
- The uterus
- Vaginal carcinoma
- †† Fibroids (uterine leiomyomata)
- †† Endometrial carcinoma
- Endometrial sampling in outpatients
- †† Ovarian tumours
- Ovarian tumours in pregnancy
- Postmenopausal ovarian tumours
- Ovarian carcinoma
- †† Vaginal discharge
- †† Pelvic infection
- †† Endometriosis
- † Prolapse
- Infertility: causes and tests
- Infertility: tests and treatment
- Male infertility
- ††† Contraception
- † The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
- ††† Emergency contraception
- †† Hormonal contraception (the Pill)
- †† Hormonal contraception: further details
- Depot, implant, patch, and ring contraception
- Sterilization
- Urinary malfunction
- Gynaecological surgery
- † Chronic pelvic pain
- † Dyspareunia
- Ovarian hyperstimulation

4 Psychiatry
- 4 Psychiatry
- Psychiatry: Overview
- Mental health, mental illness, and luck
- ††† Odd ideas
- Introduction to psychiatric skills
- Listening (and swallowing)
- ††† Eliciting the history
- ††† The mental state examination (MSE)
- How to avoid doctor-dependency
- How to improve quality of care
- How to talk with young people about sex
- How to perform a risk-assessment
- How to use the full range of psychiatric services
- How to help patients not to be manipulative
- How to help patients be less lonely
- How to recognize and treat your own mental illnesses
- Patients in disgrace: the fat-folder syndrome
- Autosuggestion/dissociation (formerly hysteria)
- † Suicide and attempted suicide 100
- ††† Which antidepressant? Sample regimens
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- ††† Anxiety neurosis/generalized anxiety disorder
- Other neurotic disorders
- Eating disorders: anorexia and bulimia nervosa
- Organic reactions (delirium; dementia)
- ††† Alzheimer’s dementia (AD)
- Mania and bipolar affective disorder
- ††† Schizophrenia: current concepts
- ††† Schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis
- Schizophrenia: management
- Substance and behavioural addictions
- Alcohol-related problems
- Mental retardation and learning disabilities340
- † Personality disorders and psychopathy
- Withdrawal of psychotropic drugs
- ††† Introduction to the psychotherapies
- Behavioural therapy
- Cognitive therapy
- Group psychotherapy
- Play therapy
- Art therapy
- Crisis intervention
- Counselling
- Supportive psychotherapy
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy
- Sex therapy for couples
- Systemic practice (family therapy)
- Comparing the psychotherapies433
- Index on child mental health problems
- Mental health in adolescence
- Depression in children and adolescents
- Sleep problems and the parasomnias
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
- Bullying
- Dyslexia
- Compulsory treatment: law in England (1983, 2007)
- Compulsory hospitalisation
- Consent to treatment (Mental Health Act)
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- Community care
- Poverty and mental illness
- Postnatal depression

5 Ophthalmology
- 5 Ophthalmology
- 5 Ophthalmology: Overview
- ††† Examining eyes
- The external eye
- Tears and lacrimation
- Orbital swellings
- ††† Ophthalmic shingles (herpes zoster ophthalmicus, HZO)
- †† Eye movements and squint
- Pupils
- Irises
- Refraction
- †† Visual field defects
- ††† The red eye
- More red eyes—cornea and conjunctiva
- ††† Sudden painless loss of vision
- Retinal vascular occlusion
- †† Gradual loss of vision
- †† Chronic simple (open angle) glaucoma
- †† The retina
- Macular holes
- †† The eye in diabetes mellitus
- †† The eye in systemic disease
- Tropical eye disease
- † Eye trauma146
- ††† Blindness and partial sight
- Drugs and the eye
- Obtaining and preparing antibiotic eyedrops
- Contact lenses
- Blepharospasm
- Allergic eye disease
- Floaters, flashes (photopsia), and haloes
- Refractive procedures

6 Primary care
- 6 Primary care
- Primary care: Overview
- Giving yourself to the highest bidder?
- Primary care and health
- †† Primary health care
- Intermediate care12
- Primary health care teams
- Single-handed/small practices or polyclinics?
- The busy GP stereotype and patient-centred care
- ††† The consultation
- ††† Consultation analysis
- On the impossibility of being a good doctor
- ††† Prevention
- Barriers to prevention
- †† Screening
- Primary care and shared-care clinics
- ††† Evidence-based medicine (EBM)
- † Protocols, targets, and guidelines
- The placebo and Hawthorne effects
- Bedside manners in a multicultural world
- Health education: what’s the point?
- Patient groups
- †† Dying at home
- Useful agents in terminal care
- Records, computers, and decision support
- ††† Medline
- Premonitions
- Audit
- New ways of extending primary care: two models
- Appraisal, assessment, and revalidation
- Under- and over-performing doctors
- Patient satisfaction
- Expert patients: plagues, time-wasters, or inspiration?
- Stopping smoking tobacco
- Reducing alcohol intake
- Domestic and intimate partner violence
- Alternative and holistic medicine
- Living dangerously
- Night visit with Nietzsche
- Minor illness
- Are you ready for emergencies and on call?
- Prescribing and compliance/concordance
- Healing
- Social matters
- Purchasers and providers
- Fitness to drive,^UK fly, & do sport
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
- Obesity
- What to do for the best?

10 Unusual eponymous syndromes
- 10 Unusual eponymous syndromes
- A-B
- C
- D-E
- F-H
- I-L
- M-N
- O-R
- S-T
- U-Z

11 Orthopaedics and trauma
- 11 Orthopaedics and trauma
- Orthopaedics and trauma: Overview
- †† The neck
- † Other neck pathologies
- The shoulder
- † The painful shoulder
- The elbow
- † The wrist and hand
- †† Examination of the back
- † Kyphosis and scoliosis
- ††† Causes of back pain
- ††† Management of low back pain
- Specific and sometimes sinister back pain
- ††† Hip history and examination
- ††† Painful hips in children
- ††† Developmental dysplasia of the hip
- Club foot
- † Knee history and examination
- †† Pain in the knee
- †† Knees that swell
- A journey on foot
- Footnotes in History
- The painful foot
- †† Osteomyelitis
- †† Bone tumours: malignant
- Bone tumours: benign
- Congenital disorders of bone and cartilage
- Osteochondritis
- Osteochondritis-like conditions
- †† Joint replacement
- Joint injection and aspiration
- Joint injections II
- Tendon rupture and injury
- † Nerve compression syndromes
- Testing peripheral nerve motor functions: 1
- Testing peripheral nerve motor functions: 2
- †† Reducing pain in A&E
- †† The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
- † Gunshot and other penetrating injuries
- †† Major injury, including blunt chest injury ^{ATLS^®}
- †† Abdominal injury
- ††† Head injury
- Wound management
- †† Major burns: emergency treatment
- Fractures
- †† Fracture reduction and traction
- † Complications from fractures
- Complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS)
- †† Trauma to the arm
- †† Fractures of the elbow and forearm
- †† Fractures and dislocations of the wrist
- † Injuries to the hand
- Limb surgery in bloodless fields
- †† Fractures in the hand
- †† Pelvic fractures
- ††† Injury to the hip and femur
- † Injuries to the lower leg
- †† Ankle and foot strains, and fractures
- †† Injuries to the face and neck
- †† Injury to nerves and arteries
- Dermatomes and peripheral nerves
- Injuries to the brachial plexus
- †† Spinal cord injury—the first day
- Images of cord pathology and anatomy
- Cord injury—function and functional anatomy
- Spinal cord injury: genitourinary aspects
- Cord injury—OT, physio, and nursing aspects
- Vegetative states
- †† Does he need a radiograph?
- Does he need a CT?
- Appropriate use of Emergency Departments
- Bites, stings and foreign bodies
- Common minor procedures
- † Drowning
- † Heat exhaustion/heat injury
- † Electrocution

Index
- Index

8th edition

Twelve, subject-based guides in one, the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties is the ultimate companion to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, providing the essential knowledge needed in modern clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of patients.

About the Authors

Judith Collier General Practitioner, Sussex, UK

Murray Longmore General Practitioner, Sussex, UK

Tom Turmezei Specialist Registrar in Diagnostic Radiology, Trent Deanery, Nottingham University Hospitals, UK

Ahmad Mafi Research Fellow, Tehran, Iran

Disclaimer: Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.

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